Essential oils: definition and extraction
Essential oils are volatile aromatic substances extracted from plants, flowers, barks, leaves, resins and other plant parts. They are highly concentrated in active ingredients, which gives them powerful therapeutic and olfactory properties. Essential oils are generally extracted by specific processes in order to best preserve their properties and quality.
The different methods of extracting essential oils
Steam distillation is the most common method of extracting essential oils. It consists of passing water vapor through a container containing plant material. The hot water vapor releases the aromatic molecules of the plants, which are then condensed and recovered in the form of essential oil.
Cold expression, also called cold pressing, is a method used primarily for citrus fruits such as orange, lemon and bergamot. This technique consists of mechanically pressing the fruit peels to extract the essential oil. This method preserves the properties of the oil, as it does not require heat.
Enfleurage is a traditional and artisanal extraction method, rarely used today, which consists of placing fresh flowers on a glass plate covered with vegetable or animal fat. The odorous molecules from the flowers attach to the fat, which is then processed to extract the essential oil. This method is particularly suitable for delicate flowers like jasmine and tuberose.
Solvent extraction is used for plant materials that cannot tolerate heat or whose aromatic molecules are difficult to extract by distillation. The plant material is mixed with a solvent, usually hexane, which dissolves the aromatic compounds. The solvent is then evaporated, leaving behind a substance called concrete or absolute, which contains the odor molecules.
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